References

Footnotes

Access to Reliable Technology: Research spanning over a decade has found that people with a low-SES tend to have less access to reliable devices with reliable internet. Sources: [12, 17, 18, 19, 24, 28].
Technology Self-Efficacy: Self-efficacy is the belief an individual has about their ability to perform an upcoming task. Sources: [3, 16].
Communication Literacy/Education/Culture: Lower SES often correlates with lower literacy and education levels. Sources: [2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10].
Technology Risk/Privacy/Security: Low-SES individuals often face unique risks. Sources: [1, 15, 26, 27, 29].
Perceived Control and Attitude towards Authority: Low-SES populations often feel a lack of control over their lives. Sources: [12, 17, 18, 19, 24, 28].

[1] Brooke Auxier, Lee Rainie, Monica Anderson, Andrew Perrin, Madhu Kumar, and Erica Turner. 2019. Americans and Privacy: Concerned, Confused and Feeling Lack of Control Over Their Personal Information. Pew Research Center. Retrieved September 2, 2020 from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/11/15/americans-and-privacy-concerned-confused-and-feeling-lack-of-control-over-their-personal- information/
[2] Kham Sila Ahmad, Jocelyn Armarego, and Fay Sudweeks. 2013. Literature Review on the Feasibility of Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL) in Developing Vocabulary Skills Among Non-English Speaking Migrant and Refugee Women. In Proceedings of the International Con- ference Research and Innovation in Information Systems (ICRIIS ‘13). IEEE, Washington, D.C., 335- 341.
[3] Albert Bandura. 1993. Perceived Self-Efficacy in Cognitive Development and Functioning. Educational Psychologist, Vol. 28, No. 2 (1993), 117-148. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2802_3